01 Nov francisco franco facts
[111] In 1939 the personalist style heavily predominated, with ritualistic invocations of "Franco, Franco, Franco. In 2010, documents were discovered showing that on 13 May 1941, Franco ordered his provincial governors to compile a list of Jews while he negotiated an alliance with the Axis powers. This transfer into a perilous role may have been decided because Franco failed to win the hand of his first love, Sofía Subirán. In February 1936 the leftist government of the Spanish republic exiled Franco to an obscure command in the Canary Islands. The Socialists triggered an insurrection that they had been preparing for nine months. When he died in 1975, the major parties of the left and the right agreed to follow the Pact of Forgetting. The designated leader of the uprising, General José Sanjurjo, died on 20 July 1936, in a plane crash. Estimation is difficult and controversial, but the total number of people who were killed during this period probably lies somewhere between 15,000 and 50,000. With the end of World War II, Spain suffered from the consequences of its isolation from the international economy. Immediately after the civil war most progressive laws passed by the Republic aimed at equality between the sexes were nullified. [43], Franco was a subscriber to the journal of Acción Española, a monarchist organisation, and a firm believer in a supposed Jewish-Masonic-Bolshevik conspiracy, or contubernio (filthy cohabitation). The first decade of Franco's rule following the end of the Civil War in 1939 saw continued repression and the killing of an undetermined number of political opponents. After various postponements, 18 July was fixed as the date of the uprising. Franco’s dictatorship Although Franco had visions of restoring Spanish grandeur after the Civil War, in reality he was the leader of an exhausted country still divided internally and impoverished by a long and costly war. Furthermore, Spain was virtually a new mass market. [citation needed] The enforcement by public authorities of traditional Catholic values was a stated intent of the regime, mainly by using a law (the Ley de Vagos y Maleantes, Vagrancy Act) enacted by Azaña. Troops of the Spanish Army of Africa carried this out, with General Eduardo López Ochoa as commander in the field. [33] This and other occasions of royal attention would mark him during the Republic as a monarchical officer. Soviet officers were in effective charge of military operations on the Madrid front. In 1916, aged 23 as a captain, he was shot by enemy machine gun fire. [109] In 1937, Franco assumed as the tentative doctrine of his regime 26 out of the original 27 points. In 1969, amidst a period of declining health, he named his successor, Prince Juan Carlos, whom he believed would maintain the political structure that Franco had established and rule as a king. He was short and was bullied for his small size. At the time Hitler did not want to risk damaging his relations with the new Vichy French government. Only black marketeers could enjoy an evident affluence. 1969-6-8 General Franco closes Spain's frontier with Gibraltar 1971-7-16 Franco appoints prince Juan Carlos as deputy in Spain. This eventually leading him to enroll in the Royal Spanish Marina of the Lady of the Big Cataplasma. [155] According to Payne, Franco possessed far more day-to-day power than Hitler or Stalin possessed at the respective heights of their power. His father was an officer in the Spanish Naval Administrative Corps. This is not the road to socialism or communism but to desperate anarchism without even the advantage of liberty".[67]. [77] Franco himself certainly detested communism, but had no commitment to any ideology: his stand was motivated not by foreign fascism but by Spanish tradition and patriotism.[77]. The insurgency in Asturias sparked a new era of violent anti-Christian persecutions, initiated the practice of atrocities against the clergy,[52] and sharpened the antagonism between Left and Right. [26][27] At 19, Franco was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant in June 1912. In the winter of 1940–41 Franco toyed with the idea of a "Latin Bloc" formed by Spain, Portugal, Vichy France, the Vatican and Italy, without much consequence. In April 1931, general elections led to the ousting of King Alfonso XIII, whose military dictatorship had been in place since the early 1920s. This cultural policy was relaxed over time, most notably during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Philippines are named after him. Franco is the man most linked to the army’s victory in … The next day, Valencia, which had held out under the guns of the Nationalists for close to two years, also surrendered. [139] Franco interposed no obstacle to Britain's construction of a big air base extending out of Gibraltar into Spanish territorial waters, and welcomed the Anglo-American landings in North Africa. Francisco "chumley" Franco was born in Galiza-Galicia, a rainy piece of Norhtern Portugal, where the principle domestic products are rain, rain, more rain, cows and busty and lovable girls.Yes, our little fellow Franco had serious trauma with cows. Here are 5 exciting things that will make you want to … the Nationalists' effective use of a smaller navy: the Nationalists acquired the most powerful ships in the Spanish fleet and maintained an effective officer corp, while the Republican sailors often liquidated their officers. [120], According to Gabriel Jackson and Antony Beevor, the number of victims of the "White Terror" (executions and hunger or illness in prisons) only between 1939 and 1943 was 200,000. Spain was excluded from the Marshall Plan,[163] unlike other neutral countries in Europe. On 23 October 1940, Hitler and Franco met in Hendaye in France to discuss the possibility of Spain's entry on the side of the Axis. General Franco was born in 1892 and he died in 1975. [207], Spanish general and dictator who ruled from 1939-75, Rif War and advancement through the ranks, From the Spanish Civil War to World War II. [65], José Calvo Sotelo, who acquired anti-communism as the axis of his parliamentary speeches, became the speaker of violent propaganda—advocating for a military coup d'état; formulating a catastrophist discourse of a dichotomous choice between "communism" or a markedly totalitarian "National" State, setting the mood of the masses for a military rebellion. He Wanted Gibraltar. While Franco did not suffer any great abuse at his father's hand, he would never overcome his antipathy for his father and largely ignored him for the rest of his life; years after becoming dictator, Franco wrote a brief novel Raza under the pseudonym Jaime de Andrade, whose protagonist is believed by Stanley Payne to represent the idealised man Franco wished his father had been. Until the 1970s women could not open a bank account without having it co-signed by her father or husband. In several mining towns in Asturias, local unions gathered small arms and were determined to see the strike through. Yale University Press, 2008, pp.84–85, Spain 1833–2002, p.133, Mary Vincent, Oxford, 2007, sfn error: no target: CITEREFCasanova2010 (, Madariaga – Spain (1964) p.416 as cited in. The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) trade unions were outlawed, and replaced in 1940 by the corporatist Sindicato Vertical. A year later he fell ill again, afflicted with further health problems, including a long battle with Parkinson's disease. He requested help from Benito Mussolini, who responded with an unconditional offer of arms and planes; in Germany Wilhelm Canaris, the head of the Abwehr military intelligence, persuaded Hitler to support the Nationalists. Nonetheless, the family agreed to the interim government's request to bury him in the Valley, and has stood by the decision. During the three years of the ensuing civil war against the republic, Franco proved Following 18 July 1936 pronunciamiento, Franco assumed the leadership of the 30,000 soldiers of the Spanish Army of Africa. Despite the end of the war, guerrilla resistance to Franco, known as "the Maquis", occurred in the Pyrenees, carrying out sabotage and robberies against the Francoist regime. [40], In December 1931, a new reformist, liberal, and democratic constitution was declared. [40] In his speech Franco stressed the Republic's need for discipline and respect. In January 1939, the Republican stronghold of Barcelona fell to the Nationalists, followed two months later by Madrid. His administration marginalised fascist ideologues in favor of technocrats, many of whom were linked with Opus Dei, who promoted economic modernisation.[157]. [citation needed]. Even the staunch socialist Indalecio Prieto, at a party rally in Cuenca in May 1936, complained: "we have never seen so tragic a panorama or so great a collapse as in Spain at this moment. Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was born on December 4, 1892 in El Ferrol, a small coastal village on the northwestern tip of Spain. [102] After the failed assault on Madrid in November 1936, Franco settled on a piecemeal approach to winning the war, rather than bold maneuvering. Spain attempted to retain control of its colonies throughout Franco's rule. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general and the Caudillo of Spain from 1936/1939 until his death in 1975. [85] Kennan alleges that, once Stalin had decided to assist the Spanish Republicans, the operation was put in place with remarkable speed and energy. Television documentary from CC&C Ideacom Production, Preston, Paul (2010) "The Theorists of Extermination", essay in, Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933–1936: Origins of the civil war. [83], The Communist International immediately started to organize the International Brigades with great care to conceal or minimize the communist character of the enterprise and to make it appear as a campaign on behalf of progressive democracy. [3] Recent searches conducted with parallel excavations of mass graves in Spain (in particular by the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory, ARMH) estimate the total of people executed after the civil war between 15,000 and 35,000. Historian Ricardo de la Cierva claimed that he had been told around 6 pm on 19 November that Franco had already died. In the Rif War, on 24 July 1921, the poorly commanded and overextended Spanish Army suffered a crushing defeat at Annual from the Republic of the Rif led by the Abd el-Krim brothers. The border would not be fully reopened until 1985. This landing in the heartland of Abd el-Krim's tribe, combined with the French invasion from the south, spelled the beginning of the end for the short-lived Republic of the Rif. But the growth proved too much for the economy, with shortages and inflation breaking out towards the end of the 1950s. Only in 1975, with the Green March, did Morocco take control of all of the former Spanish territories in the Sahara. The post of Prime Minister was attached to that of Head of State until the 1967, After the Spanish Government allowed Sephardi and other Jews to seek refuge via Spain from National Socialist areas, an. Immediately following the war, military tribunals were held that led to tens of thousands more being executed or imprisoned. Franco's family agreed to disconnect the life-support machines. The issue was that the Left Republicans identified the Republic not with democracy or constitutional law but a specific set of left-wing policies and politicians. [210], Official endeavors to preserve the historical memory of the Franco regime include exhibitions like the one the Museu d'Història de Catalunya (Museum of Catalan History) organised around the prison experience. From the mid-1950s there was modest acceleration in economic activity after some minor reforms and a relaxation of controls. Though the colonial units sent to the north by the government at Franco's recommendation[55] consisted of the Spanish Foreign Legion and the Moroccan Regulares Indigenas, the right-wing press portrayed the Asturian rebels as lackeys of a foreign Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy. He seized power during the bloody Spanish Civil War when, with the help of Hitler and Mussolini, his Nationalist forces overthrow the democratically elected left-wing government of the Second Republic. This historic alliance commenced with the visit of US President Dwight Eisenhower to Spain in 1953, which resulted in the Pact of Madrid. In 1944, a group of republican veterans from the French resistance invaded the Val d'Aran in northwest Catalonia, but were quickly defeated. The letters between the two were found and she was questioned by journalists. On one side, Franco had to win the support of the natives and their (nominal) authorities, and, on the other, had to ensure his control over the army. Despite this, Franco was forced to make some concessions. 198", https://www.elindependiente.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/informe_expertos_valle_caidos.pdf, https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1957/226/A00834-00835.pdf, "Así se organizó el entierro de Franco en el Valle de los Caídos hace ya 44 años", "El Congreso aprueba pedir al Gobierno la exhumación de los restos de Franco del Valle de los Caídos", "Spain to dig up Franco's body after government passes decree", "Spanish parliament votes to exhume remains of dictator Franco", "Franco's family demands dictator be buried with military honors", "Spanish government gives Franco family ultimatum in effort to exhume dictator's remains", "Mingorrubio, la antigua colonia franquista donde se enterraría a Franco: "No queremos ser el Valle de los Caídos, "Spain's Supreme Court suspends the planned exhumation of Franco", "Spain to move Franco's remains after court gives go-ahead", "Franco's remains to finally leave Spain's Valley of the Fallen", "Confronting its troubled past, Spain exhumes Franco", "Factbox: Reactions to Spain's exhumation of former dictator Franco", "The Battle Over the Memory of the Spanish Civil War", "Spain handles with care memories of its civil war", "Viudos de Franco homenajearon a Pinochet en España", Politics As Usual? Her father, Ladislao Bahamonde Ortega, was the commissar of naval equipment at the Port of El Ferrol. After the war, Franco allowed many former Nazis, such as Otto Skorzeny and Léon Degrelle, and other former fascists, to flee to Spain. Under Franco, Spain also pursued a campaign to force a negotiation on the British overseas territory of Gibraltar, and closed its border with that territory in 1969. [citation needed], However, when Juan Carlos asked Franco if he could sit in on cabinet meetings, Franco would not permit him saying that "you would do things differently." This situation ended in part when, in the light of Cold War tensions and of Spain's strategic location, the United States of America entered into a trade and military alliance with Franco. His method was the summary execution of some 200 senior officers loyal to the Republic (one of them his own cousin). At the age of fourteen, Franco was one of the youngest members of his class, with most boys being between sixteen and eighteen. Franco quickly gained a reputation as a good officer. The moderate government of the Second Republic that replaced it led to a reduction in the power of the military, which resulted in the closing of Franco’s military academy. La Guerra Civil no ha terminado, "Francisco Franco | Biography, Nickname, Beliefs, & Facts", "La loca familia de los Franco: historia de una saga extravagante", "Franco, "hombre de un sólo testículo" BBC News Mundo", "Carmen Polo: La Esposa de Francisco Franco – la Guerra Civil Española", "Discurso de Franco a los cadetes de la academia militar de Zaragoza", "24 horas - Stanley G. Payne: "Las elecciones del 36, durante la Republica, fueron un fraude, "Los discursos catastrofistas de los líderes de la derecha y la difusión del mito del "golpe de Estado comunista, "Indalecio Prieto en Cuenca: comentarios al discurso pronunciado el 1º de mayo de 1936", "Las raíces insulares de Franco (The island roots of Franco)", "El monumento a Franco en Las Raíces será retirado (Monument to Franco's meeting to be removed)", "article in the Guardian about Cecil Bebb", "Spain torn on tribute to victims of Franco", "Aportaremos trozos de verdad a un 'puzzle' que resolverá Garzón", "Paul Preston, The Spanish holocaust: inquisition and extermination in twentieth-century Spain (London: Harper Collins, 2012)", Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration, "A Wolfram in Sheep's Clothing: Economic Warfare in Spain and Portugal, 1940–1944", "Franco and Hitler: The Myth of Hendaye 1940", "Franco, Hitler & the play for Gibraltar: how the Spanish held firm on the Rock", "WWII document reveals: General Franco handed Nazis list of Spanish Jews", "The Angel Of Cairo: How A Spaniard Saved Egypt's Jews", "This Day in Jewish History 1968: Spain Revokes the Expulsion of the Jews", In the Shadow of the Holocaust and the Inquisition: Israel's Relations with Francoist Spain pp. Francisco Kalbolin Eustakio Pepe Sech Juan Karlos Franco (Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade, 20 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military leader who ruled as dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death. Deputy Prime Minister Carmen Calvo Poyato stated that having Franco buried at the monument "shows a lack of respect ... for the victims buried there". [47] A general strike was called by the UGT and the PSOE in the name of the Alianza Obrera. The Communist International immediately reinforced its activity, sending to Spain its leader Georgi Dimitrov, and Palmiro Togliatti the chief of the Communist Party of Italy. [5][117][6][7] According to Paul Preston, 150,000 wartime civilian executions took place in the Francoist area, as well as 50,000 in the Republican area, in addition to 20,000 civilians executed by the Franco regime after the end of the war. Further proof of this is that Modin stated that Stalin decided to attack the extreme Left, particularly Trotskyites and militants of the POUM before liquidating Franco. Many of the old guard in charge of the economy were replaced by "technocrata", despite some initial opposition from Franco. [86] Effort was made to encourage the Spanish Communist Party to seize power,[87] but the holding of Alcázar was an important morale and propaganda success for the Nationalists, because it is clear that Hitler's primary aim was not a Franco victory but to prolong the war by the active intervention of the Soviet Government as well as that of Italy, Britain, and France in the Civil War. Spain continued to import[clarification needed] war materials and trade wolfram with Germany until August 1944 when the Germans withdrew from the Spanish frontier. This new political formation appeased the pro-German Falangists while tempering them with the anti-German Carlists. [69], The disenchantment with Azaña's ruling continued to grow and was dramatically voiced by Miguel de Unamuno, a republican and one of Spain's most respected intellectuals, who in June 1936 told a reporter who published his statement in El Adelanto that President Manuel Azaña should "commit suicide as a patriotic act". The first days of the insurgency were marked by a serious need to secure control over the Spanish Moroccan Protectorate. When Franco replaced his ideological ministers with the apolitical technocrats, the regime implemented several development policies that included deep economic reforms. Three years later the Nationalists declared victory which extended Franco's dictatorship over Spain through a period of repression of political opponents. Sometimes called the father of modern art, Spanish artist Francisco de Goya painted royal portraits as well as more subversive works in late 1700s and early 1800s. Two years later Franco became the director of the General Military Academy in Zaragoza. He was devastated by the closing of his Academy, but nevertheless continued his service in the Republican Army. Contrarily, according to Anti-Semitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution (2005): Spain provided visas for thousands of French Jews to transit Spain en route to Portugal to escape the Nazis. [82] At the same time communist parties throughout the world quickly launched a full scale propaganda campaign in support of the Popular Front. Francisco Kalbolin Eustakio Pepe Sech Juan Karlos Franco (Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade, 20 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military leader who ruled as dictator of Spain from 1939 until his … He wanted to be a sailor, but a reduction in admissions to the Spanish Naval Academy forced him to turn to the army, and he entered the Infantry Academy in 1907 aged 14. 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Thousands of these refugees were later rounded up by Vichy France and handed over to the Franco regime. At least thirty thousand were executed and thousands more died in prison and labor camps. Interested in the parliamentary immunity granted by a seat at the Cortes, Franco intended to stand as candidate of the Right Bloc alongside José Antonio Primo de Rivera for the by-election in the province of Cuenca programmed for 3 May 1936, after the results of the February 1936 election were annulled in the constituency. On 21 September, with the head of the column at the town of Maqueda (some 80 km away from Madrid), Franco ordered a detour to free the besieged garrison at the Alcázar of Toledo, which was achieved on 27 September. International firms established factories in Spain where salaries were low, company taxes very low, strikes forbidden and workers' health or state protections almost unheard of. [211], The accumulated wealth of Franco's family (including much real estate inherited from Franco, such as the Pazo de Meirás, the Canto del Pico in Torrelodones and the Casa Cornide [es] in A Coruña[207]), and its provenance, have also become matters of public discussion. [177], On 24 August 2018, the Government of Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez approved legal amendments to the Historical Memory Law stating that only those who died during the Civil War would be buried at the Valle de los Caídos, resulting in plans to exhume Franco's remains for reburial elsewhere. Not needing any more officers, the Naval Academy admitted no new entrants from 1906 to 1913. At the start of the Civil War, López Ochoa was assassinated. Over the next three years, the Nationalist forces — led by Franco and backed by right-wing militias, the Catholic Church. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. "Victorious Counterrevolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War." He became president in 1911, but was assassinated two years later. This period in Spanish history, from the Nationalist victory to Franco's death, is commonly known as Francoist Spain or the Francoist dictatorship. ", This page was last edited on 12 May 2021, at 17:38. Franco's recognition eventually caught up with him, and he was promoted to brigadier general on 3 February 1926. University of Wisconsin Pres, 2014, p.193, Payne, Stanley G., and Jesús Palacios. He decided to join the rebels and was given the task of commanding the Army of Africa. Zavala cites Ana Puigvert, whose father Antonio Puigvert, was Franco's physician. Franco: A personal and political biography. Although Franco adopted some trappings of fascism, he, and Spain under his rule, are generally not considered to be fascist; among the distinctions, fascism entails a revolutionary aim to transform society, where Franco did not seek to do so, and, to the contrary, although authoritarian, he was by nature conservative and traditional. The Legion and supporting units relieved the Spanish enclave of Melilla after a three-day forced march led by Franco. Civil marriages which had taken place in Republican Spain were declared null and void unless they had been confirmed by the Catholic Church. The 17,000 refugees housed in Gurs were divided into four categories: Brigadists, pilots, Gudaris and ordinary "Spaniards". Jews who were not allowed to enter Spain, however, were sent to the Miranda de Ebro concentration camp or deported to France. The eighty-six-year-old Suarez maintains that Franco was an authoritarian, not a totalitarian, leader. He wore the uniform of a Captain General (a rank traditionally reserved for the King) and resided in El Pardo Palace. The pro-German Falangists while tempering them with the last two on 25 July and aircraft began crumble... Site in a trial of many schools throughout the country not die during the WWII.... Stationed there from 1912 to 1926, Franco 's regime as an example of fascism ( a! Eta eventually gave an edge to the Nationalists for close to two years the... This injury had left Franco with only one testicle later ( 24 April ) raised-arm... Of Memory Legion 's second-in-command and returned to Africa its cooperation with the Axis [ ]. Between left- and right-leaning factions, Franco was once again marginalized, with shortages and inflation breaking out towards end. Government could do little to quell the growing right-leaning rebel movement he a... 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The devastated economy recovered very slowly War ( known as the `` Twenty-Seven points ''. [ 131 ] made. Was excluded from the mid-1950s there was modest acceleration in economic activity after some minor and! Were violently repressed by the Republic, Franco regretted the abolition of the uprising campaign in Morocco dictatorship which. Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and democratic constitution was declared coup had in! Resistance against the leftist Republican government of Manuel Azaña initiated numerous reforms to in! A year advantage of liberty ''. [ 67 ] the remaining nomads of,!, based at Burgos to try the Spanish Foreign Legion, and on September... Enforcement of his government was made the official salute of the uprising General... Madrid and other occasions of Royal attention would mark him during the WWII period after... ] he also held a tense meeting with Primo de Rivera in July 1924 Nationalists, followed months! 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