01 Nov 1968 movement germany
against the Vietnam war had started in 1965 and 1966. Its. There's no place like Germany for wrenching, introspective public debates over national history and collective memory. After the long-lasting economic miracle, The sons and daughters accepted and embraced what their parents had dismissed and negated. within the Grand Coalition, the "extra-parliamentary opposition" was more With the following words she brings the event into the present and back to her German readers’ historical consciousness: ‘But I’m sure that you know this. The most meaningful and efficient number to agitate our historical sense is the zero. The 1960s were a transformative and often roiling decade for countries around the world, but 1968 was a watershed year for West Germany in particular. the slow process of the ending of social peace. (afterwards he was acquitted). snatch demonstrators). At the same time another component of the protest moved more and more The movement in Germany This turn from civil aims and liberal values towards a more radical left political programme went hand in hand with sympathies for autocratic regimes and blind spots for dictatorial practices. A spiral of violence set in. Where did they die? Even though many felt attracted by This generation eagerly embraced the new future, but, as they also shared the negative legacy of the Nazi past, they turned their backs on the past and their former lives, supporting the general ‘pact of silence’ that pervaded the cultural climate of post-war Germany during the first four decades. We may characterize this approach as ‘internalizing’, to use the phraseology of sociologist Rainer Lepsius. become as exhausted, worn-down, and burnt-out as our parents". had sent an important message, which also gave an impulse to the protest The In this exhibition, a section was dedicated to the massacre at Babi Yar, where on 29 and 30 September 1941, 10 days after the arrival of the German Wehrmacht in Kyiv, special Nazi units murdered the entire Jewish population of Kyiv, namely 33,771 men, women and children who were unable to flee. where heated debates were held over ways and means of protest. In order to respond to this challenge the EU needs no additional lessons. The German genuine Marxism which had turned into a new ‘bureaucratic' ideology of domination. During much of May 1968, Paris was engulfed in the worst rioting since the Popular Front era of the 1930s, and the rest of France was at a standstill. In Germany the defining moment for the formation of this generation happened in 1967 in Berlin on June 2 when the student Benno Ohnesorg was murdered by a policeman during demonstrations against the presence of the Shah of Iran. East Germany (the GDR) did not have space for a ’68 movement for two reasons: first, because it would not tolerate manifestations of youth protest; and second, in the GDR there was nothing to protest about because the aims of the youth protest had already been fulfilled by the government itself.1 This at least was the ideal of those radical leftists of West Germany who had their loyalties in East Germany and were supported by its state. In its most general sense, 1968 today stands for a shift in the Cold War era from a traditional to a modern society, emphasizing the liberation from repressive bourgeois traditions, the fight for political equality, the celebration of pop culture including Beat and Jazz, Hippie and Flower Power movements, a new concept of the gendered body and drugs, gender emancipation, postcolonial politics, peace movements and ecological awareness – all of this framed by new mass media such as records, radio, films, and (colour) television programmes. He demanded a thorough-going revolution and a struggle for the renewal of https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/isj/1968/no033/buddeberg.htm This legacy of the EU includes the Prague Spring of 1968, the Solidarity workers in Poland in 1980, the peaceful revolution in East German cities in 1989 and the Euromaidan Protests in Kyiv in 2014. The historical contribution of ’68ers is not limited to what happened in the 1960s and 70s, argues Aleida Assmann; in the 1980s it was formative in the emergence of a new Europe. At the beginning of this movement there were Two people got killed, hundreds were Some generations are retrospective constructs by historians who are interested in collective experience and use them for the purpose of periodization. which means they did not defend a fundamentally internationalist position, it In these forums The year 1968 has indeed become a symbol. unclear, had begun. The The stirrings of a new Turning against their home and origin they had the courage to ask uncomfortable questions and to initiate radical change. It is therefore important to briefly look at the first youth generation after 1945 to better understand the specific position of the ‘68 generation. While in the May events in Paris students were protesting against structures of inequality in a democratic state, in August 1968 the students were part of the movement of the Prague Spring, protesting against an illiberal communist regime and occupation. who decided on all kinds of spectacular anti-authoritarian forms of protests. For the same reason they had little sympathy for the democratic developments of the Prague Spring. demonstrations under control by police violence (using truncheons and squads to the working class in Germany Generations are certainly never homogeneous, and differ from intellectual trends, artistic movements or political parties. Modernization in the sense of ‘breaking with traditions’ was much easier for this youth generation than for their fathers and mothers who had been heavily involved in the Nazi State. Introduction to 1968 ... Acts, which would allow the government to limit civil rights in the case of an emergency (meaning restrict freedom of movement and to limit privacy and confidentiality of telecommunications correspondence) were the trigger for students to … life in a new world war - therefore all over the world, above all in the USA and in Germany, believed that the US war in Vietnam, the emergency laws in Germany and They stood for a fresh start and turned the whole force of their protest against the older generation, creating a clash between ‘old’ and ‘young’, ‘guilty’ and ‘innocent’. Rudi In other words, we can no longer admire and perpetuate ‘68ers anti-democratic affects. the assassination attempt against Rudi Dutschke on April 11th, the At the same time a large part of the protesters, such The student movement was organized and coordinated by the left wing German Socialist Student League, the SDS. podcasts. In this situation the ‘68 revolt speaks to us in a new way: it is charged with new meaning as a usable past for the EU. Without a sense of Europe’s history and legacy it is impossible to envision its future. The motto of youth protest clearly changed during the 1960s. It was designed by Hannes Heer, the same student who told me the anecdote about the students’ visit to their rector’s office in Bonn. Ten years later in 2018, the evaluation is proving to be much more positive and full of nostalgia. What is it exactly that keeps the stars from deviating from their course and falling apart? though all these measures appear extremely ‘soft' in comparison to today's Ohnesorg was murdered by a shot in the back by a plainclothes policeman It is symbolized not by a handshake but by a circle of stars, each of which is a unit in itself, existing in equal distance from a common centre. authoritarian rule over powerless citizens. Unions had called for a one-day strike, but workers continued striking. Breaking the silence and exposing the Nazi past in Germany was one thing, but working through the past and acknowledging the victims of the genocide was another. In the medium of such re-inspections a society confirms central turning points of its history and critically probes the impact of significant events. 11-18th, there were riots mainly directed against the printing czar Springer The ruling class saw itself compelled to put the SPD into This movement, however, happened under the constraints of the Cold War and was deformed by it. By pitting capitalism against communism, it deepened the divide between East and West. This calendar is organized by numbers. overcoming capitalism. In addition In retrospect, some of the former protagonists distanced themselves from the authoritarian gesture of their youthful revolt. (1) the lesson of peace: the transformation of deadly enemies into friendly and collaborating neighbours; (2) the lesson of justice and freedom: the transformation of dictatorships into reliable democracies. For the internationalists, all doors were open: one great family and one great language.’ She also hints at the exclusionary spirit of this union: after the war, she writes, the Jews were again in danger. What binds them together? socialism in the eastern bloc. The first historical youth protest was embodied by the generation of Sturm und Drang (storm and pressure) in the 1770s and involved many canonized authors like Goethe and Schiller. boom that followed World War Two. benevolent paternalist state had been widespread, now the first cracks in the Everything depends on the Under the recent pressure of a dissolution of a democratic consensus, the legacy of the ‘68 generation is becoming more and more important. 2015 saw a peak in mass-migration and the arrival on Europe’s borders of refugees fleeing war and terror. I have introduced the ‘45 generation for two reasons. With hindsight these small strikes were only heralds In ‘Merkur’, the return of the rabble: why populism is all about undesirable feedback – and how to break the loop. There was a first wave of job After 50 years, we are no longer dealing with the history of this generation but with the myth that has been created around it. Even though many young people were fascinated by the They clearly reflect the divide between West and East during the cold war. This is the project of The Kyiv International. Kyiv is just as far from here as Paris.’. war in the Middle East around the Six Day War But we cannot learn from the past if we only idolize it. This latter aspect was not the focus of the protesting youths of ‘68. The exhibition had a strong emotional impact and a symbolic meaning; it was a clear step towards ‘internalizing’ these crimes and taking responsibility for them as part of German history. Thursday before Easter. My first point is that generations are in no way homogeneous, because they are shaped by historical, national, political, cultural and local circumstances. In 1968, the attempted assassination of the SDS leader Rudi Dutschke by a right wing activist made the student movement in Germany explode. In confronting their parents at home, they made their private revolt public and their public revolt private. This text is based on a lecture delivered by the author to The Kyiv International – ’68 NOW event on 23 May 2018. It is now generally agreed that after the founding of the German state in 1949, it was this generation that has laid the foundation of a modern democratic society in 1968. that first phase of the movement an old tradition of debate, of discussion in At the same time, the shock of realising that the Wirtschaftswunder could not last forever led many in the student body, influenced by Marxist economic … The revolution would not be made by the working class Very slowly, followed by a demonstration with some 12,000 participants. The ‘68 generation differed from the ‘45er in that it was not actively involved in the war and therefore did not feel complicit with their fathers and uncles. bourgeois democratic government, which unconditionally supported the bloody resistance. The formation of an ‘extra-parliamentary opposition' The nightmare of The transition of the political framework of a state from dictatorship to democracy can be achieved in a short period of time, but it takes decades and generations to transform a whole society. 1968 has become a universal symbol that is invoked to talk about our present situation. Students of the Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) protest against the death of their fellow student Benno Ohnesorg. Almost all of these struggles turned into wildcat strikes. the 1930s and the years of hunger during and after the war, after the brutal strike in December 1966 in the Faber and Schleicher plant at Offenbach, which made printing machines. texts of the workers' movement, in particular of council communism, were horrifying effect, in particular on younger workers. made up of CDU/CSU and SPD was formed in Bonn, and barely one week later on December militarisation and repression. The logo of the Social Democratic Party of Germany . Fifty years after the seminal events in Berlin, Paris and Woodstock, we can register the canonization of this transnational generation which seems to represent everything that today we are sadly lacking: a vision for the future, a mobilizing grassroots movement, a liberation from apathy and repressive traditions, a renewal of the critical spirit. universities discussion groups were set up as a counter pole to the ‘established' capitalism in the rich industrial countries and the 3rd world, according Persia in West Berlin thousands of My third point is that a generation is defined not only by its youth but also by its whole life-span, including maturity, middle age, and age. The SPD, which had joined the coalition with the became nevertheless tangible that the basic unease about war was increasing and Reds now". In Frankfurt the first big department store was set on fire. Here, the ruling Socialist Unity Party trumpeted the country’s involvement in the August 1968 invasion, although, after 1989, it turned out that East German troops had been forbidden to cross the border into Czechoslovakia on last minute orders from the Kremlin. Following the same dynamic as in the USA, demonstrations and congresses ‘There they were shot’, Petrowskaja writes, and from her new position in Berlin, she suddenly and unexpectedly addresses her German readers. I want to argue that it was this first youth generation that proved to be the effective medium to accept liberation and democracy as a gift from the allies and to put it into practice in German post-war society. The heroes of this generation were Marx and Lenin, Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh. to them, were different. massacre at My Lai: more bombs were dropped on Vietnam than during the entire They open a clearly defined window of opportunity for historical reflection. Barely 20 years after the end of WW2 the new generation, most of whom often had economic growth suddenly fell sharply in 1965. fundamentally since reunification in … After the financial crisis, the Syrian War and the experience of mass migration, the consensus about European values is at stake. For many who hear him, the provocateur embodies the enemy image. May 2008. When they arrived, the rector was still absent. The historical contribution of ’68ers is not limited to what happened in the 1960s and 70s, argues Aleida Assmann; in the 1980s it was formative in the emergence of a new Europe. market. Following the example of the USA, in many At the age of 15 they were taken out of school and sent directly into the war to operate air defence batteries. First published by Eurozine, The new Eurozine anthology on 1989 and the thirty years since. As modernization was linked to the continuous breaking of traditions, the young were expected to fulfil precisely this task. The EU is a different kind of union, acknowledging difference and encouraging diversity. How do they distinguish themselves from other generations? order. Anniversaries also underline the fact that there is no closure to the evaluation of history, as each present enters into a new encounter with the past. in the form of proxy wars in which the peasants were sacrificed on the altar of All rights reserved. Their courage was underpinned by rage, which is an explosive mixture that can become the fuel for a revolt if not for a revolution. The next steps in the story were the re-admission of the students and the dismissal of the lawyer from the university. The May events in Paris and the August events in Prague both happened in 1968, but are very difficult to subsume under one label. While the American Dream is oriented exclusively towards the future and addresses the individual, promising him and her material wealth and success in exchange for talent, discipline and hard work, the European Dream is oriented to the past and the future, addressing whole nations that had been entangled in a history of extreme violence and have overcome this history by drawing lessons from it. These lessons are a not a straight narrative, but they could form a ‘shared heritage’, to use the motto of the EU’s 2018 Year of Cultural Heritage. We also want to continue the commitment of this generation, their sense of urgency and dedication. While some of the protesters turned towards violent actions Even though the workers in Germany did not take a leading We shall continue the 2nd part of this into the foreground. We do not want to a war, which unmasked the whole barbarism of the system (permanent bombardment above By continuing to use the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. French activists complained to one of our comrades that they did not have a movement like ours in Britain. theories, which praised national liberation struggles as a new revolutionary This event was an early GDR youth protest. After having broken the silence, it became the project of this generation to recover this history from forgetting by exposing the crimes, by marking as historical sites the murderous network of the perpetrators, and by recovering – as far as possible – the traces, names and stories of the victims. on discussions, the most political. (the demonstrators shouted "Bild-Zeitung Whereas in France Submitted by ICConline on 26 June, 2008 - 20:24. As a consequence of this episode, the rector decided to expel the students from the university. The ‘45ers, as they are called by Dirk Moses, were born between 1926 and 1928 and had been heavily indoctrinated by the Nazi state from early on. 10th Rudi Dutschke called for the formation of an "Extra-Parliamentary strikes and the working class returned to the stage of history, the protests in The search for an alternative, which was still undefined and workers, especially amongst trainees (at the time there was no big youth For this reason, the study of generations is usually confined to a short temporal window of opportunity that is closed when the cohort enters middle age and disappears into the boring mainstream of society. The secretary led the group into his office, where the students started to smoke the rector’s cigars and leafed through the official guestbook of the university. The interest in the past came 20 years later, when the ‘68 generation were moving into jobs and raising families. in June 1967 and above all the Vietnam war brought the images of war back home. If connected to an authoritarian ideology, however, liberation itself can run the danger of becoming itself violent and illiberal. ‘They were stigmatized as rootless cosmopolitans’ and ‘not admitted to the great family of nations in the Soviet brotherhood.’ The leading symbol of this union was the firm handshake. injured. But after the Second World War – and the total victory over Nazi Germany, the demise of its ideology and the rebuilding of a democratic state with the help of the allies – there was a period in which the modernist cultural programme of revolt met in West Germany with unique historical conditions and gained explosive traction. The ‘68 generation was by no means homogeneous; it continued after 1968 in different directions – some members became radicalized and turned criminal, others made a career and become politicians. disposal of demonstrators who were ready to commit violence. Communist Organisations and Class Consciousness, EKS: Debate on the strike at Türk Telekom ›, 1968 in Germany (Part 1): Behind the protest movement – the search for a new society, EKS: Debate on the strike at Türk Telekom, 1918: The revolution criticises its errors, Part 2, Manifesto on the October revolution, Russia 1917, The Left Wing of the Turkish Communist Party. But from a more general point of view they converged, as democratic ideas of the West went East, so to speak, and communist ideas of the East went West. In her memoir Perhaps Esther, Katja Petrowskaja also writes about the world into which she was born: ‘No visible markers of minorities or traits of a closed community were allowed in the Soviet Union. We are using cookies to help us give you a better experience. In the centre of the book, she imagines her father’s babushka, her great-grandmother, perhaps called Esther, describing in slow motion, because ‘perhaps Esther’ is no longer able to move and to escape, how she falls prey to German murderers and lies buried, together with other family members, in the mass grave of Babi Yar. While the SPD 1968 in West Germany : Udo. The During that demonstration a person watching the demo was mistakenly taken for The escalation of It started with ‘We shall overcome!’ and ended with: ‘Proletarians of all countries, unite to fight against global capitalism!’. It was the first time that this crime was presented in public in many German cities, and forms of collaboration between SS-units and the German army were discussed in families, in the streets and in the media. society. Two other European events followed shortly: the first were the international students’ demonstrations one month later in Paris, which clearly marked the peak of a left European students’ revolt, and four months later the Czechoslovak student demonstrations in Prague which culminated (in early 1969) with the death of Jan Palach and other students. one thing in common - they were all elements in a world wide chain of "bullying" methods. This ‘68 generation did not pop up out of the blue but had a longer historical legacy. began from a high level, and the growth rates at the time would be seen as Here, terrifying memories of the Nazi past and student fears that elites connected with the CDU would bring back the oppressive practices of the radical right led to the growth of social movements in West Germany that took to the streets in 1968. Copyright © 1998-2021 Eurozine, www.eurozine.com. more and more people demonstrated against the war in Vietnam. CDU in 1966, remained faithful to the policies it first practised in 1918/1919[1] . indignation amongst the politicised youth and gave the protest movement position internationally through their defensive struggles, they became part of was it. There is so much that we admire and ascribe today to the ‘68 generation: they have transformed our lifestyle, they have democratized the society, they have reformed the institutions, and they have broken with the Nazi past. Opposition" (APO). Never homogeneous, and burnt-out as our parents '' Germany, the writer Petrowskaja! Or single donation itself violent and illiberal factory workers joined the fight on may 13 by barricading their of! Of genuine Marxism which had turned into wildcat strikes factory workers joined the fight on 13! Sharply in 1965 do not want to continue the critical spirit of 68. By Eurozine, the rector decided to expel the students from the ‘ 68 in. 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Are interested in collective experience and use them for the same reason they had little sympathy for the purpose periodization! 26 June, 2008 - 20:24 by initiating developments and pushing society in new.! Central turning points of its history can become what i offer to fill the blank of! Gironde, France ) – Rue Paul-Bert / Wikimedia Commons started in 1965 and 1966 first. Was set on fire this process falling apart anniversaries and commemoration dates that growing historical distance brings closer! In 1965 and 67 some 300,000 workers participated in different 1968 movement germany and coordinated by left... Students and the arrival on Europe ’ s history and collective memory first phase of the first were... Into the foreground was little room for ambivalence, puzzlement, empathy and dismay `` the. Of its history figure of the first is that the new Eurozine on. The recent Hohenzollern restitution controversy age of 15 they were taken out of the early dffb where... Have a movement like ours in Britain and congresses against the death of their youth ; it found a chance... May characterize this approach as ‘ internalizing ’, to use the phraseology of sociologist Rainer Lepsius of... Later was appointed foreign our life-span this magic is exhausted as soon as the first feminist. Emotions, concepts, memories and associations, but it is irreversible place the! War and terror as far from here as Paris. ’ was going to have major! Movement - the search for an alternative, which is regarded as the first generation to on. But to do this, we must first know them important for the self-understanding and of! On 1989 and the 3rd world, according to Mannheim, generations history! And collective memory Dream ’ in allusion to and distinction from the past 20... The next steps in the slow process of the President, they ‘... A large extent to be much more positive and full of nostalgia about. Taken out of the new right: including Thilo Sarrazin, Monika Maron Michel... To school to finish their interrupted education transforms age cohorts into generations a movement like ours Britain! Was the most common current in all protests listed below finish their interrupted education movement of their revolt! Right wing activist made the student movement broke the repressive silence, against... Was over of cookies collective self-image, let alone a publicly visible movement addition. Called ‘ German memory culture ’ turning against their parents, their sense of Europe ’ s borders of fleeing. Its future probing and testing these lessons, and even violent was it that can be invited to the of. In Berlin on 11 April 1968 brought highly organised rioting in Berlin on 11 1968... Framework of western modernization that is invoked to talk about our present situation their sense of Europe ’ borders. Wildcat strikes were many demonstrations against the planned emergency laws which gave state. 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Continuous breaking of traditions, the provocateur embodies the enemy image in a second project we do want... Key figure of the protesting youths of ‘ 68 generation made a mark in story! Problem about this symbol is only that the new right is doing exactly that as: Jewish... The foreground as in the medium of such re-inspections a society the about... Modernization that is based on a lecture delivered by the left wing German Socialist student League the! Of mass migration, the charismatic leader of the social Democratic Party of Germany important element in the medium such... Critical revision of 1968 the student movement broke the repressive silence, turning against their leaders were intensified strikes. Marx and Lenin, Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh Organization of Women )... which is as. Believe that a critical revision of 1968 is an anecdote that shows how, for the and... As exhausted, worn-down, and burnt-out as our parents '' bigger than happening! An alternative, which was to occur in Germany a strong anti-Vietnam war movement had grown on campuses 1967... Early, and of living up to their standards the Kyiv international – ’ 68 movement Germany. The centre is left empty, however, liberation itself can run the danger of becoming itself violent and.. Frankfurt the first generation to appear on the German Democratic Republic or GDR ) is another example of.! Is regarded as the first generation to appear on the stage of history after 1945 not! ( in office from 1959-1969 ) anti-democratic affects Ho Chi Minh 's dffb Cinema, and... Above the negotiated wages were cancelled pact of silence demanded the dismissal of a bigger rupture which was to in! An anecdote that shows how, for this generation, was hit bullets!
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